Doctrines about personality existing in different systems of psychology. Nowadays, the prevailing point of view is that personality theory is an independent interdisciplinary area of scientific research. See Personology...
Personality theories- (Personality theories). Various systems of internally consistent concepts created by researchers to explain the diversity and complexity of the whole individual functioning in the real world... Personality Theories: Glossary
Interpersonal cognition: Implicit theories of personality- (English: implicit, hidden, implied, not directly expressed) are an important component of the process of O. and people’s knowledge of each other. Implicit theories of personality (I.t.l.) are a set of everyday ideas about personal properties and their... ... Psychology of communication. encyclopedic Dictionary
Typical personality theories- Ways to classify people according to a limited number of psychological characteristics. Unlike other personality classifications (for example, extroversion), typical classifications are based on the “all or nothing” principle, i.e. a person belongs either to... Great psychological encyclopedia
Personality theories from a social perspective. learning is primarily a theory of learning. At the beginning of its formation, T. s. n. attached extreme importance to the ideas of reinforcement, but modern. T.s. n. acquired a clearly expressed cognitive character. Importance... Psychological Encyclopedia
Theories of the origin of the state are theories that explain the meaning and nature of changes, the conditions and reasons for the emergence of the state. Included in the subject of scientific research [[theory of state and law Contents 1 General characteristics ... Wikipedia
Theories of the origin of the state are theories that explain the meaning and nature of changes, the conditions and reasons for the emergence of the state. The theory of state and law is included in the subject of scientific research Contents 1 General characteristics ... Wikipedia
Culturological and social psychological theories that describe and explain human beings. behavior and social reality through interactions between people. Elements T.v. contained in the sociology of Simmel, the phenomenology of Husserl and... ... Encyclopedia of Cultural Studies
THEORIES OF MASS SOCIETY- theories that consider mass character as a decisive characteristic of all processes taking place in modern society and explain its specificity. The ideological source of T.m.o. is a conservative aristocrat. criticism of revolutionary changes in... Russian Sociological Encyclopedia
Personality trait theories- a branch of psychology based on the idea that people are predisposed to behave in certain ways in different situations. This kind of predisposition, formed in the process of development of a particular personality, within the framework of a given... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy
Foreign theories of criminal behavior- The mechanism of criminal (antisocial) behavior is widely studied abroad from various points of view (physiological, anthropological, criminological, social, socio-psychological, etc.), in accordance with various... ... Encyclopedia of modern legal psychology
In the West, this publication is one of the most widely read in its field. If such a book had been published here twenty years ago, Russian psychology as a science would have avoided many growing problems. It is no secret that for a long time we lived in conditions where for the general public, and even for specialists, there was only one correct and other psychological theories, which were appropriately covered in the press. In a previous era, books like this one, but not officially translated into Russian, were carefully passed from hand to hand and were a source of pride for a small number of owners.
In the publication brought to the attention of readers, another - not the first and not the last - attempt has been made to generalize, or rather, to comprehend in a new way, bringing into a single whole, a number of the largest personality theories developed in psychology over the past hundred years - in fact, throughout the entire history of its scientific research. period. In this regard, before you is an encyclopedia, primarily on current trends in modern psychological science.
Any system lives and develops, so it is very valuable that the authors “illustrate” the theories they present with examples of modern experimental research. It is also important that when covering each theory, arguments for and against are given, which gives the book material balance. This is precisely what is so lacking in numerous “narrow” monographs, where theories that are sometimes of secondary importance are selectively presented. In this sense, this work is a gift to readers, since for the first time they have the opportunity to “see the forest for the trees” in the vast world of psychological constructs.
Our acquaintance with Western psychology was not sustainable: it either stopped or was resumed. That is why some theories and authors are known to us more (G. Eysenck, R. Cattell), others less (J. Kelly). At the same time, when presenting any theory, certain losses are inevitable: it is not easy to convey the author’s thinking style, each of which is unique. In particular, Erik Erikson's books had such a strong impact on the public consciousness of the United States that during the famous student unrest of the 1960s, young people walked to the White House holding his works in their hands along with the Bible. It is difficult to feel this when reading the chapter on Erikson's theory, but it is possible.
We would also recommend that the reader not lose sight of the fact that discussions between representatives of different directions in psychology do not subside (a natural state for science) and, we hope, no final verdicts will be made. This may not be noticed due to some simplifications made by the authors. For example, Freud's dramatic idea of death, which caused a split even among his disciples, is presented in a very flat form: as an idea about the inherent aggression of man. Taking this opportunity, we emphasize that the tendency towards destruction and aggression are far from the same thing (although it may seem so from the point of view of ordinary consciousness), and aggression can arise when any attraction is blocked, including love (which is more understandable from the standpoint of common sense and life experience).
The last category of difficulties inevitable when publishing such a fundamental work is the correlation of the language formed in our scientific community with the author’s (Western) terminology. For example, the term “environmentalism” implies taking into account external environmental factors in personality theory, while in domestic psychological science we usually use the term “social”.
We are convinced that this book will become not only the object of references in scientific publications, but also a textbook on personality psychology and the history of psychology, and will also be extremely useful for teachers, philosophers, and other specialists in the humanities.
Cand. psychol. Sciences Yu. T. Kovalev,
Ph.D. psychol. Sciences M. A. Gulina
S. - St. Petersburg State University
To our wives Jean and Elizabeth
To our children Anyanette, Christian, Daniel and Mark
Larry A. Kjell- Associate Professor of Psychology at the State University of New York, Brockport College. He received a master's degree in experimental psychology from Ohio University (1964) and a doctorate in social and personal psychology from the University of Oklahoma in Norman (1967). He previously taught at Villanova University and the University of Prince Edward Island. Dr. Kjell has published numerous articles on issues in personality psychology: locus of control, self-actualization, self-perception, accuracy of personality perception. He is currently exploring the role of personality variables in relation to the temporal stability of self-report scales. His research interests also include self-control, explanatory style, and personal effectiveness. He is a member of the American Psychological Association (APA) and APA Division 8 (Social-Personal).
Daniel J. Ziegler is a professor of psychology and dean of the Graduate School at Villanova University. He received his doctorate in psychology from Temple University (1968). At Villanova University since 1961, Dr. Ziegler was Chairman of the Department of Psychology from 1968 to 1987, and Dean of the Graduate School from 1987 to the present. He is the author of many publications in journals and scientific proceedings, most recently in the area of cognitive components of stress. As a psychologist in private practice in Pennsylvania, Dr. Ziegler has extensive experience in psychological testing and counseling. In addition, he has become nationally known as a lecturer in the field of stress management.
Preface
A first course in personality psychology should introduce students to a variety of theoretical perspectives that help understand why people behave the way they do in reality. Therefore, the third edition presents personality theories from several different directions. We hope that students will appreciate the diversity of conceptual approaches to the study of people. The study of personality must somehow focus on the strategies and results of empirical research. With this in mind, we have brought it into line with modern requirements and expanded the presentation of material concerning the empirical testing of theoretical assumptions in the process of scientific research. Finally, a basic textbook on personality theory should emphasize the practical application of theoretical ideas. Therefore, we have included numerous examples to illustrate how the basic constructs and tenets of the various schools of thought can be applied to everyday life. Our goal in writing this book was to help students understand and appreciate some profound and fascinating concepts about personality. The discipline of personology includes many theories, research methods, scientific discoveries and areas of application. We hope that in this volume you will find a coherent, informative, and clear explanation of each of these important elements that represent the field today. In addition, we hope that the textbook will enable students to appreciate how discoveries made by various theorists can be integrated to better understand the complexity of personality and human behavior.
As in the second edition of Theories of Personality, we remain true to our assertion that personality theories reflect the theorist's fundamental assumptions about human nature. This thesis is elaborated in the introductory chapter, which examines nine philosophical positions that underlie theories of personality. This new approach to the study of personality allows for the development of a framework for comparing and contrasting different theoretical perspectives. And, perhaps even more important, this approach will help students see beyond the details of a particular theory to the underlying philosophical views that the theorist held about people and their personalities. Numerous responses from students and teachers who have read the second edition of this book indicate that the fundamental perspective enhances understanding of the differences between theorists and their conceptions of humanity.
Larry Kjell, Daniel Ziegler
Personality theories
Fundamentals, Research and Applications
Chapter 1. Personality Psychology: Introduction to the Discipline Theories of Personality Components of Personality Theory
Criteria for assessing personality theory Basic principles regarding human nature Summary Questions for discussion Glossary Bibliography
Anamnesis method Correlation method Experimental method Personality assessment Types of assessment methods Summary
Chapter 3. Psychodynamic direction in personality theory: Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud: psychodynamic theory of personality Biographical sketch Psychoanalysis: basic concepts and principles
Instincts are the driving force of behavior Personality development: psychosexual stages The nature of anxiety
Freud's Fundamentals of Human Nature Empirical Validation of Psychodynamic Concepts Application: Psychoanalytic Therapy - Exploration of the Unconscious Summary Questions for Discussion Glossary Bibliography
Alfred Adler: individual theory of personality Biographical sketch Main theses of individual psychology
Individual psychology: basic concepts and principles Adler's basic principles regarding human nature Empirical validation of the concepts of individual psychology Appendix: neurosis and its treatment
Carl Gustav Jung: Analytical Theory of Personality Biographical Sketch Analytical Psychology: Basic Concepts and Principles Summary Questions for Discussion Glossary Bibliography
Erik Erikson: ego - theory of personality Biographical sketch Ego psychology: the result of the development of psychoanalysis Epigenetic principle
Personality Development: Psychosocial Stages Erikson's Basic Propositions Regarding Human Nature
Empirical Validation of Psychosocial Theory Concepts Application: American Adolescents, or “Who Am I?”
Other Examples of Revision of Psychoanalytic Theory: Emphasis on Cultural and Interpersonal Factors
Erich Fromm: humanistic theory of personality Biographical sketch Humanistic theory: basic concepts and principles
Karen Horney: Sociocultural Theory of Personality Biographical Sketch Sociocultural Theory: Basic Concepts and Principles Summary Discussion Questions Glossary Bibliography
Gordon Allport: Dispositional Theory of Personality Biographical Sketch What is Personality The Concept of Personality Traits
Proprium: development of the self Functional autonomy: the past is the past Mature personality
Allport's Fundamentals of Human Nature Empirical Validation of Trait Theory Concepts Application: Study of Values Factor Analysis Approach to Personality
Raymond Cattell: Structural Theory of Personality Traits Biographical Sketch Personality Trait Theory: Basic Concepts and Principles
Hans Eysenck: Theory of Personality Types Biographical Sketch
Basic Concepts and Principles of Personality Type Theory Summary Questions for Discussion Glossary Bibliography
B. F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning Theory Biographical Sketch Skinner's Approach to Psychology
Respondent and operant behavior Skinner's basic principles regarding human nature
Empirical Validation of Operant Conditioning Concepts Application: Operant Conditioning Treatments Summary Discussion Questions Glossary Bibliography
Albert Bandura: Social Cognitive Theory of Personality Biographical Sketch Basic Principles of Social Cognitive Theory Learning by Modeling
Reinforcement in Observational Learning Bandura's Key Points on Human Nature
Empirical Validation of Social Cognitive Theory Application: "Power to the Man" - Self-Regulated Change Julian Rotter: Social Learning Theory Biographical Sketch
Social Learning Theory: Basic Concepts and Principles Summary Discussion Questions Glossary Bibliography
George Kelly: Cognitive Theory of Personality Biographical Sketch Basics of Cognitive Theory
The theory of personal constructs: basic concepts and principles The main postulate and some conclusions from it Kelly's main provisions regarding human nature Empirical validation of the concepts of cognitive theory
Application: Emotional States, Mental Disorders, and Fixed Role Therapy Summary
Discussion Questions Glossary Bibliography Recommended Reading
Chapter 10. Humanistic direction in personality theory: Abraham Maslow Abraham Maslow: humanistic theory of personality Biographical sketch Basic principles of humanistic psychology
Motivation: hierarchy of needs Deficit motivation and growth motivation
Maslow's Fundamentals of Human Nature Empirical Validation of Humanistic Theory Concepts Application: Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People Summary Discussion Questions Glossary
Chapter 11. Phenomenological direction in personality theory: Carl Rogers Carl Rogers: phenomenological theory of personality Biographical sketch Rogers' point of view on human nature
The guiding motive in life: the tendency to actualize Rogers' phenomenological position Self-concept: “Who am I, after all?” Fully functioning person
Rogers' Fundamentals of Human Nature Empirical Validation of Phenomenological Theory Concepts Application: Person-Centered Therapy Summary Discussion Questions Glossary Bibliography
Basic provisions in retrospect Assessment of personality theories The advent of the era of personology
New Perspectives in Theoretical and Empirical Research on Personality Summary Questions for Discussion Glossary Bibliography
Preface to the Russian edition
In the West, this publication is one of the most widely read in its field. If such a book had been published here twenty years ago, Russian psychology as a science would have avoided many growing problems. It is no secret that for a long time we lived in conditions where for the general public, and even for specialists, there was only one correct and other psychological theories, which were appropriately covered in the press. In a previous era, books like this one, but not officially translated into Russian, were carefully passed from hand to hand and were a source of pride for a small number of owners.
In the publication brought to the attention of readers, another - not the first and not the last - attempt has been made to generalize, or rather, to comprehend in a new way, bringing into a single whole, a number of the largest personality theories developed in psychology over the past hundred years - in fact, throughout the entire history of its scientific research. period. In this regard, before you is an encyclopedia, primarily on current trends in modern psychological science.
Any system lives and develops, so it is very valuable that the authors “illustrate” the theories they present with examples of modern experimental research. It is also important that when covering each theory, arguments for and against are given, which gives the book material balance. This is precisely what is so lacking in numerous “narrow” monographs, where theories that are sometimes of secondary importance are selectively presented. In this sense, this work is a gift to readers, since for the first time they have the opportunity to “see the forest for the trees” in the vast world of psychological constructs.
Our acquaintance with Western psychology was not sustainable: it either stopped or was resumed. That is why some theories and authors are known to us more (G. Eysenck, R. Cattell), others less (J. Kelly). At the same time, when presenting any theory, certain losses are inevitable: it is not easy to convey the author’s thinking style, each of which is unique. In particular, the books of Erik Erikson had such a strong impact on the public consciousness of the United States
the fact that during the famous student unrest of the 1960s, young people walked to the White House holding his works in their hands along with the Bible. It is difficult to feel this when reading the chapter on Erikson's theory, but it is possible.
We would also recommend that the reader not lose sight of the fact that discussions between representatives of different directions in psychology do not subside (a natural state for science) and, we hope, no final verdicts will be made. This may not be noticed due to some simplifications made by the authors. For example, Freud's dramatic idea of death, which caused a split even among his disciples, is presented in a very flat form: as an idea about the inherent aggression of man. Taking this opportunity, we emphasize that the tendency towards destruction and aggression are far from the same thing (although it may seem so from the point of view of ordinary consciousness), and aggression can arise when any attraction is blocked, including love (which is more understandable from the standpoint of common sense and life experience).
The last category of difficulties inevitable when publishing such a fundamental work is the correlation of the language formed in our scientific community with the author’s (Western) terminology. For example, the term “environmentalism” implies taking into account external environmental factors in personality theory, while in domestic psychological science we usually use the term “social”.
We are convinced that this book will become not only the object of references in scientific publications, but also a textbook on personality psychology and the history of psychology, and will also be extremely useful for teachers, philosophers, and other specialists in the humanities.
Cand. psychol. Sciences Yu. T. Kovalev, Ph.D. psychol. Sciences M. A. Gulina St. Petersburg State University
To our wives Jean and Elizabeth Our children Anyanette, Christian, Daniel and Mark
Larry A. Kjell is an assistant professor of psychology at the State University of New York, Brockport College. He received a master's degree in experimental psychology from Ohio University (1964) and a doctorate in social-personal psychology from the University of Oklahoma at Norman (1967). He previously taught at Villanova University and the University of Prince Edward Island. Dr. Kjell has published numerous articles on issues in personality psychology: locus of control, self-actualization, self-perception, and accuracy of personality perception. He is currently exploring the role of personality variables in relation to the temporal stability of self-report scales. His research interests also include self-control, explanatory style, and personal effectiveness. He is a member of the American Psychological Association (APA) and APA Division 8 (Social-Personal).
Daniel J. Ziegler is a professor of psychology and dean of the Graduate School at Villanova University. He received his doctorate in psychology from Temple University (1968). At Villanova University since 1961, Dr. Ziegler was Chairman of the Department of Psychology from 1968 to 1987, and Dean of the Graduate School from 1987 to the present. He is the author of many publications in journals and scientific proceedings, most recently in the area of cognitive components of stress. As a psychologist in private practice in Pennsylvania, Dr. Ziegler has extensive experience in psychological testing and counseling. In addition, he has become nationally known as a lecturer in the field of stress management.
Preface
A first course in personality psychology should introduce students to a variety of theoretical perspectives that help to understand why people behave the way they do in life.
reality. Therefore, the third edition presents personality theories from several different directions. We hope that students will appreciate the diversity of conceptual approaches to the study of people. The study of personality must somehow focus on the strategies and results of empirical research. With this in mind, we have brought it into line with modern requirements and expanded the presentation of material concerning the empirical testing of theoretical assumptions in the process of scientific research. Finally, a basic textbook on personality theory should emphasize the practical application of theoretical ideas. Therefore, we have included numerous examples to illustrate how the basic constructs and tenets of the various schools of thought can be applied to everyday life. Our goal in writing this book was to help students understand and appreciate some profound and fascinating concepts about personality. The discipline of personology includes many theories, research methods, scientific discoveries and areas of application. We hope that in this volume you will find a coherent, informative, and clear explanation of each of these important elements that represent the field today. In addition, we hope that the textbook will enable students to appreciate how discoveries made by various theorists can be integrated to better understand the complexity of personality and human behavior.
As in the second edition of Theories of Personality, we remain true to our assertion that personality theories reflect the theorist's fundamental assumptions about human nature. This thesis is elaborated in the introductory chapter, which examines nine philosophical positions that underlie theories of personality. This new approach to the study of personality allows for the development of a framework for comparing and contrasting different theoretical perspectives. And, perhaps even more important, this approach will help students see beyond the details of a particular theory to the underlying philosophical views that the theorist held about people and their personalities. Numerous responses from students and teachers who have read the second edition of this book indicate that the fundamental perspective enhances understanding of the differences between theorists and their conceptions of humanity.
What's new in the third edition?
First, some chapters have been expanded to provide more complete coverage of certain personality theories. Namely, we have supplemented the presentation with a review of theories formulated by Carl Gustav Jung, Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, Raymond Cattell, Hans Eysenck and Julian Rotter. The concepts and principles clearly expressed by each of these theorists contribute significantly to the understanding of phenomena that fall within the sphere of personality. Their views on personality are presented in the final sections of the chapters, which detail specific theoretical approaches. Chapter 5, for example, highlights the outstanding ideas expressed by Erich Fromm and Karen Horney after a detailed explanation of the concepts, fundamentals, empirical data, and practical applications of Erik Erikson's ego theory. We have also included a brief biographical profile of each theorist and outlined the strengths and weaknesses of his system.
Second, we have included a new chapter describing strategies used by researchers when studying personality phenomena. We examine how case history, correlational analysis, and formal experiments are used to evaluate the validity of theoretical assumptions. In addition, we describe the various assessment methods (interviews, self-reports, and projective tests) that are commonly used to collect information about people. Knowledge of these methods will allow students to learn the role assessment plays in measuring individual differences. They will also understand how closely assessment methods relate to the researcher's overall approach to the study of fundamental issues and personality problems.
We have made other changes to the third edition, while maintaining the well-established presentation and overall focus of the previous edition. We have included a description of the most recent research related to the empirical validation of theoretical concepts. For example, we discuss contemporary attempts to establish the validity of psychoanalytic hypotheses using the method of subliminal psychodynamic activation. Recent work on perceived self-efficacy and its role in bringing about behavioral change is discussed in the context of Bandura's theory. Moreover, we aimed to make the section on the application of each theory as interesting and reflective as possible.
current state of affairs. For example, we looked at the application of operant conditioning concepts to assertiveness training and biofeedback training. For greater clarity, the text is provided with illustrative material: photographs and several new figures and tables. Finally, we have described several new self-report scales used by researchers to measure personality traits.
Textbook structure
The textbook contains a systematic presentation of the main theoretical directions, empirical research and applications of personality psychology. The first chapter discusses issues related to personality as an object of study, the functions performed by the theory, the components of the theory and the criteria by which it can be evaluated. The chapter also discusses basic assumptions about human nature, which provide a framework for considering the differences between different theorists' conceptions of humanity.
The second chapter examines in detail the research strategies used to study personality. The strengths and weaknesses of these strategies are emphasized so that students gain some experience in evaluating research cited in the textbook. We then consider how personality assessment methods can provide useful information about individual differences. The concepts of reliability and validity of self-report and projective techniques are also carefully examined.
Chapters 3 to 11 inclusive present the most significant theoretical concepts of personality. The theories of Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson, Gordon Allport, B.F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, George Kelly, Abraham Maslow, and Carl Rogers are examined. Each chapter begins with a brief discussion of the main theses and emphases of the area being studied. This is followed by a short biography of the theorist whose ideas are described. These essays contain information about the scientist’s life that is essential for understanding why he held this particular point of view on personality. Then comes the most extensive section of each theoretical chapter - a detailed presentation of the constructs and statements that make up the theory. This section provides various examples to illustrate the theoretical concepts and their practical relevance to everyday life. This section is followed by an analysis of the basic tenets of human nature, during which we summarize the theorist's position on our nine tenets, relating them to the theoretical concepts presented in the previous section of the chapter. In this way, students can see the close connection between concepts of personality and the philosophical positions on which they are based. We then discuss the empirical validation of the theory in question. We show how various theoretical concepts can be tested experimentally and briefly summarize the research that has inspired this theory. This is followed by a section devoted to the application of the theory or some of its aspects to the relevant area of human behavior. It is shown that personal concepts are not bare academic abstractions, but very important and necessary concepts that can explain a wide range of human behavior and life experiences.
We said earlier that this edition has been expanded to include some more personality theories that are of fundamental importance. We hope that students will gain a better understanding of human behavior by being exposed to different perspectives within a discipline. The final part of the respective chapters describes the basic concepts of personality as interpreted by Carl Gustav Jung, Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, Raymond Cattell, Hans Eysenck and Julian Rotter. Students have the opportunity to explore 15 different points of view on the issue of personality. We believe that students beginning the study of personality will have no difficulty in covering so many theories in one semester.
Each chapter ends with a brief summary of the main points, questions for discussion, a glossary of key terms, a bibliography, and a list of recommended readings. We believe that this will make the textbook very useful and attractive to students.
IN In the final chapter of the textbook, we discuss the usefulness of using fundamentals as a framework within which theories of personality can be examined. Here we return to square one and evaluate the nine theories most extensively described in the text against the six criteria of useful theory discussed in Chapter 1. And we conclude with a small forecast of the trends and major issues that are likely to dominate the field of research
individuals in the foreseeable future.
Acknowledgments
This new edition has benefited greatly from constructive comments and suggestions from a number of people. We are especially grateful to the group of reviewers, each of whom carefully read and commented on part or all of the manuscript. Among them were such talented scientists as: Allen J. Brown, Northeastern University; John S. Durieux, Farleigh Dickinson University; Robert A. Emmons, University of California at Davis; Randy D. Fisher, University of Central Florida; Jane E. Gordon, State University of New York at Albany; James J. Johnson, Illinois State University at Normal; Chris Langston, Purdue University; Randy J. Larsen, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Joseph J. Palladino, University of Southern Indiana; Sharon Presley, California State University, Northridge; Richard N. Williams, Brigham Junior University and Brian T. Yates, American University.
We also wish to thank the Document Preparation Center at SUNY Brockport for providing necessary technical assistance during the writing of the manuscript. In particular, we thank Jean Kamitz, Lauren Nicholson, and Vicki Willis for their invaluable assistance in the final stages of the project and for helping us submit the manuscript to the publisher in magnetic disk form.
The professionalism, competence, and support of everyone at McGraw-Hill Publishing is highly commendable. Special thanks to Maria Chiapetta, Associate Editor for Psychology, for her excellent work coordinating the reviews and assisting with the project. Working with her was a true pleasure. Additionally, we are grateful to our Production Supervisor, Katie Porzio, and Senior Editorial Supervisor, Scott Emerman, for their assistance during the publication process. Chris Rogers, executive editor, also provided immeasurable assistance in the final stages of the work.
We once again express our deep gratitude to our wives, Jean and Elizabeth, for their love and support during the revision and publication of this edition. Heartfelt thanks to Jean Kjell for her valuable suggestions regarding the content and organization of the material, proofreading, and for enduring her husband's nagging when work seemed to be going slowly. Her contribution to this publication was truly enormous.
Larry A. Kjell Daniel J. Ziegler
Chapter 1. Personality psychology: introduction to the discipline
Of all the problems that people have faced in the course of human history, perhaps the most perplexing is the mystery of the nature of man himself. In what various directions have the searches been conducted, what many concepts have been put forward, but a clear and precise answer still eludes us. The essential difficulty is that there are so many differences between us all. People differ not only in their appearance, but also in their actions, which are often extremely complex and unpredictable. Among the more than five billion people on our planet, no two are exactly alike. These enormous differences make it difficult, if not impossible, to solve the problem of establishing what the members of the human race have in common. Let's compare, for example, a repeat killer, a dedicated scientist, a drug addict, a corrupt politician, a monk and a high-ranking officer. Apart from the fact that these people share the same tissues and organs, it is difficult to imagine what common properties of “human nature” could unite them. And when the horizons of scientific inquiry expand to the study of different cultures, we discover an even greater diversity of underlying values, aspirations and lifestyles.
Astrology, theology, philosophy, literature and social sciences are just some of the movements that attempt to understand the complexity of human behavior and the very essence of man. Some of these paths turned out to be dead ends, while other directions are on the verge of flourishing. Today the problem is more acute than ever,
since most of humanity's serious ills - rapid population growth, global warming, environmental pollution, nuclear waste, terrorism, drug addiction, racial prejudice, poverty - are the result of human behavior. It is likely that the quality of life in the future, and perhaps the very existence of human civilization, will depend on how far we advance in understanding ourselves and others.
Human Science
The origins of psychology can be traced back to the ancient Greeks and Romans. More than two thousand years ago, philosophers debated approximately the same issues that still cause difficulties for psychologists. However, the formal birth of psychology as an independent discipline dates back to 1879 (Fancher, 1990). This year, in Leipzig (Germany), Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory for the experimental study of psychic phenomena. In subsequent years, psychology experienced a period of rapid growth. Many different conceptual models have been developed to help design scientific research and interpret experimental data. One of the significant aspects of the steady entry of psychology into modern science is its study of human personality. The main goal of today's personality psychology is to explain from a scientific perspective why people behave the way they do. Scientific psychology prefers to work with relatively simple, clear concepts that can be empirically tested. She also uses research methods that are verified and as accurate as possible. Such a methodological orientation implies necessary limitations: not every concept or method can be used in the study of personality. However, most psychologists are convinced that the scientific approach will ultimately carry the most weight in explaining the complex nature of human behavior.
Modern personality psychology, as a scientific discipline, transforms speculative reasoning about human nature into concepts that can be confirmed experimentally, rather than relying on intuition, folklore or common sense. For example, instead of making assumptions about why teenagers drink and run away from home, researchers should formulate their understanding of the psychology of adolescence and the personal mechanisms of deceit in adolescents. At the same time, the attitude towards the “science of personality” is quite contradictory, since its development gives rise to some natural concerns. So, no matter how tempting it may seem to us to comprehend the reasons underlying certain of our actions, we at the same time resist when someone else tries to give an objective picture of our behavior, to somehow characterize us. In psychology itself, there is a certain resistance to the process of “objectification” of personality: some psychologists argue that attempts in this direction can go too far, and this threatens to destroy the idea of the uniqueness and complexity of human nature. Instead, they call for a focus on exploring the more elusive qualities of people - their struggle for personal and spiritual enlightenment - that find expression in both literature and works of art, such as the plays of Shakespeare or the paintings of Goya. However, despite the fact that literature, art, cinema, history, and religion can indeed provide significant assistance in understanding human behavior, it is still necessary to distinguish information obtained in this way from the data of scientific research. Moreover, since science does not currently provide all the answers (and perhaps never will), we must make the most effective use of empirical information while being aware of the inherent limitations of applying scientific methods to the study of people . Personologists study the problems of human personality - this term was proposed by Henry Murray (Murray, 1938) to designate both experimenters and theorists in the field of personality psychology.
Another goal of personality psychology is to help people experience greater satisfaction in life. Continuing to develop theory and experimental research, many personologists today are searching for ways to implement more effective and productive strategies for overcoming life's difficulties. Advances here include new forms of psychotherapy, various training programs and changes in the psychosocial environment that allow people to discover the best in themselves that they are capable of. Research in this area serves as an experimental substantiation of theoretical ideas about constructive personal changes. Many of them are discussed in our book.
Concept of personality
The term "personality" has several different meanings. Its study is carried out by a special subsection in the structure of academic psychology, which covers a wide range of different, often contradictory theoretical ideas. The science of personality - personology [From English. personality - personality, individuality. (Approx. Transl.)] is a discipline that seeks to lay the foundation for a better understanding of human individuality through the use of a variety of research strategies. In the following chapters we will provide representative examples that illustrate how the ideas, propositions, and principles put forward by psychologists to explain human behavior have been tested in empirical research. Another distinctive feature of personality psychology is the special importance of assessment methods in studying, explaining, predicting, and making informed decisions in a particular individual case. These methods include interviews, testing, observation and recording of behavior, measurement of physiological reactions, analysis of biographical and personal documents. In fact, every area of personality research that we discuss in this book involves the use of some assessment technique. Therefore, we devoted part of the next chapter to the issues of assessing personality characteristics, which we will also touch upon in the theoretical chapters. Finally, as you will see, personality is an area of research that can lead to advances in the understanding and treatment of pathological behavior. In fact, some approaches to the study of personality (such as psychodynamic, cognitive or phenomenological) provide rich material for thinking about what behavioral disorders are and what ways to overcome them. However, modern personality psychology should not be identified with pathopsychology or clinical psychology. To achieve the utmost clarity, personologists are much more likely to refer to normal individual behavior than to deviant behavior. On the other hand, personality psychology has traditionally separated itself from other psychological disciplines due to its emphasis on individual differences between people. Although personologists recognize that there are similarities in the ways people behave, they primarily seek to explain how and why people differ from each other.
As an object of study, personality is also an abstract concept that combines many aspects that characterize a person: emotions, motivation, thoughts, experiences, perceptions and actions. However, personality as a concept should not be reduced to any aspect of an individual’s functioning. The conceptual meaning of personality is multifaceted - it covers a wide range of internal mental processes that determine the characteristics of human behavior in various situations. When dealing with such a complex concept, it is impossible to imagine any simple conceptual definition. Even within the framework of psychology itself, we will not find a single, generally accepted meaning of this term - there may be as many of them as there are psychologists solving this problem.
What is personality? Alternative answers
The word “personality” in English comes from the Latin “persona”. The word originally referred to the masks worn by actors during theatrical performances in ancient Greek drama. In fact, this term originally indicated a comic or tragic figure in theatrical action. Thus, from the very beginning, the concept of “personality” included an external, superficial social image that an individual takes on when he plays certain life roles - a kind of “mask”, a public face addressed to others. This point of view coincides with the opinion of the modern layman, who usually evaluates personality according to the criteria of charm, ability to behave in society, popularity, physical attractiveness and other socially desirable characteristics. This approach generates comments like “Mike is a good person” and “Suzanne is an unpleasant person.” It is this idea of personality that is expressed in the promise of various image courses to “make you a person.” This concept is entirely outside the scope of scientific psychology, since it leaves aside many behavioral features that actually deserve to be studied in the context of personality.
Personality was also seen as a combination of the most striking and noticeable characteristics
The monograph, a bestseller by prominent American researchers L. Kjell and D. Ziegler, is addressed to everyone for whom the knowledge and practical application of psychology is necessary in their professional activities. Reading it will be useful for psychologists and doctors, teachers and students, as well as a wide range of readers interested in issues of modern personality psychology, interpersonal and family relationships. The book covers a wide range of areas in personality theory, developed by such major scientists as Freud, Adler, Jung, Erikson, Fromm, Horney, Cattell, Eysenck, Skinner, Bandura, Rotter, Kelly, Maslow, Rogers. Most of these theories are presented in such full volume for the first time in Russian.
On our website you can download the book “Theories of Personality” by D. Ziegler, Ziegler Daniel J., Kjell Larry A. for free and without registration in epub, fb2, pdf, txt format, read the book online or buy the book in the online store.
MENTAL STYLE OF PERSONALITY
Seminar plan:
2. Cognitive-cognitive sphere of personality. Intellectual potential.
3. Motive and motivation. Causal attribution.
4. Personal needs. Specifically human needs.
5. Negative mental states. Frustration.
6. Humanistic theory of personality. A. Maslow and E. Fromm
Test questions for seminar classes:
1. How is personality determined in psychology?
2. What is thinking and intelligence?
3. What is memory? Describe the main types of memory.
4. Give a detailed description of the concept of abilities.
5. Define the concept of motive in psychology.
6. What is the difference between motivation and motive?
7. Describe basic human needs.
8. What is the place and role of needs in human behavior?
9. Outline the basic principles of humanistic psychology in the theory of motivation (according to A. Maslow).
Basic literature on the topic:
1. Kravchenko A.I. General psychology: textbook. – M., “Prospect”, 2008
2. Pokrovsky A. V. Psychology: a textbook for university students. - M.: “Academy”, 2007
3. Stolyarenko L. D. Fundamentals of psychology: textbook. - Rostov-n/D.: “Phoenix”, 2008
4. Maklakov A. G. General psychology: a textbook for universities. - St. Petersburg: “Peter”, 2008
5. Rubinshtein S.A. Fundamentals of general psychology. – St. Petersburg: “Peter”, 2007
6. Tertel A. L. Psychology: textbook. – M.: “Prospekt”, 2009
7. Nemov R. S. Psychology. In 3 books. Book 1. M., “Vlados”. 2008.
8. Radugin A. A. Psychology and pedagogy. M., "Center". 2009.
9. Kjell, L., Ziegler, D. Theories of personality. St. Petersburg, 2001.
Additional literature on the topic:
1. Gippenreiter Yu.B. Introduction to general psychology. Course of lectures. M., 1988.
2. Merlin B.C. Personality structure. Character, abilities, self-awareness: A textbook for a special course. - Perm, 1990.
3. Rubinstein S. L. Fundamentals of general psychology: In 2 volumes - T. II. - M., 1989.
4. Heckhausen H. Motivation and activity. M., 1986.
Sample abstract topics:
1. The role and significance of needs in the personality structure
2. Personality: motive and motivation
3. The problem of personality in humanistic psychology
4. The nature of human abilities
5. The problem of self-actualization in personology
6. Personality in the teachings of E. Fromm
7. Formation and development of basic human abilities
8. Negative mental states of a person
9. The problem of freedom in the concept of E. Fromm
10. Personology – pros and cons of the approach
Introduction........................................................ ........................................................ ................................... 6
Kjell, L., Ziegler, D. Theories of personality. St. Petersburg, 2001. pp. 22 – 24…………………….………………….6 What is personality? Alternative answers…………………………………………………….6
Kravchenko A.I. General psychology: textbook. – M., “Prospekt”, 2008С. 189-190, 198-208, 212-224................................................. ........................................................ ........................................................ ................... 8
R. S. Nemov Psychology. In 3 books. Book 1. M., “Vlados”. 2001. pp. 374 – 390........................ 22
1. The concept of abilities................................................... ........................................................ .......... 22
2. The nature of human abilities................................................... ........................................ 28
3. Development of abilities......................................................... ........................................................ ............ 28
R. S. Nemov Psychology. In 3 books. Book 1. M., “Vlados”. 2001 P. 462 – 469, 496 – 507........ 31
1. Motive and motivation .................................................... ........................................................ ................... 31
2. Motivation and personality................................................. ........................................................ .............. 35
Kjell, L., Ziegler, D. Theories of personality. St. Petersburg, 2001С. 479 – 480, 487 – 501.................................... 42
1. Humanistic direction in personality theory: Abraham Maslow.................................... 42
2. Motivation: Hierarchy of needs................................................. ........................................... 43
3. Physiological needs.................................................... ........................................................ 44
4. Safety and security needs.................................................... ........................................... 44
5. Needs for belonging and love................................................... .................................... 45
6. Self-esteem needs.................................................... ........................................................ .... 46
7. Self-actualization needs.................................................... ........................................... 47
Introduction
This methodological manual is intended for students of higher educational institutions, whose program includes the training course “Psychology and Pedagogy.” This manual aims to form among university students ideas about the basic concepts on the topic “Mental makeup of the individual.” The presented methodological manual covers the main issues relating to the basic psychological characteristics of the individual, such as abilities and intellectual potential, as a measure of the development of the cognitive-cognitive sphere of the individual. The problem of developing individual abilities and the conditions conducive to this development are also considered.
This manual presents the views of several authors considering the sphere of personal motivation, who analyze the nature of specifically human needs and the differences in human needs. Below are also the views of some of the most famous personologists (E. Fromm and A. Maslow) on the role and place of human needs in human behavior.
This methodological manual also presents fragments of the authors’ works that consider interests and psychological attitudes as determinants of the direction of human activity. In the fragments of the works below, negative mental states of a person (frustration, etc.) are also analyzed; issues related to the prevention of negative states of the human psyche are covered.
The structure of this methodological manual is a copy of articles by authors dealing with the problems of analyzing the mental make-up of a person. At the beginning of each of the works presented below, the source of the material is indicated with page numbers and the publication's output data is provided. Above is a list of topics and questions proposed for discussion at seminars in psychology, indicates the main and additional literature used in the preparation of this manual, and also provides a list of topics for writing abstracts on this issue.
The term "personality" has several different meanings. It is studied by a special subsection in the structure of academic psychology, which covers a wide range of different, often contradictory, theoretical concepts. The science of personality - personology - is a discipline that seeks to lay the foundation for a better understanding of human personality through the use of a variety of research strategies. In the following chapters we will provide representative examples that illustrate how the ideas, propositions, and principles put forward by psychologists to explain human behavior have been tested in empirical research.
Another distinctive feature of personality psychology is the special importance of assessment methods in studying, explaining, predicting, and making informed decisions in a particular individual case. These methods include interviews, testing, observation and recording of behavior, measurement of physiological reactions, analysis of biographical and personal documents. In fact, every area of personality research that we discuss in this manual involves the use of one or another assessment technique. Finally, as you will see, personality is an area of research that can lead to advances in the understanding and treatment of pathological behavior. In fact, some approaches to the study of personality (such as psychodynamic, cognitive or phenomenological) provide rich material for thinking about what behavioral disorders are and what ways to overcome them. However, modern personality psychology should not be identified with pathopsychology or clinical psychology. To achieve the utmost clarity, personologists are much more likely to refer to normal individual behavior than to deviant behavior. On the other hand, personality psychology has traditionally separated itself from other psychological disciplines due to its emphasis on individual differences between people. Although personologists recognize that there are similarities in the ways people behave, they primarily seek to explain how and why people differ from each other.
As an object of study, personality is also an abstract concept that combines many aspects that characterize a person: emotions, motivation, thoughts, experiences, perceptions and actions. However, personality as a concept should not be reduced to any aspect of an individual’s functioning. The conceptual meaning of personality is multifaceted - it covers a wide range of internal mental processes that determine the characteristics of human behavior in various situations. When dealing with such a complex concept, it is impossible to imagine any simple conceptual definition. Even within the framework of psychology itself, we will not find a single, generally accepted meaning of this term - there may be as many of them as there are psychologists solving this problem.
Kjell, L., Ziegler, D. Theories of personality. St. Petersburg, 2001. pp. 22 – 24.
What is personality? Alternative answers
The word “personality” in English comes from the Latin “persona”. The word originally referred to the masks worn by actors during theatrical performances in ancient Greek drama. In fact, this term originally indicated a comic or tragic figure in theatrical action. Thus, from the very beginning, the concept of “personality” included an external, superficial social image that an individual takes on when he plays certain life roles - a kind of “mask”, a public face addressed to others. This point of view coincides with the opinion of the modern layman, who usually evaluates personality according to the criteria of charm, ability to behave in society, popularity, physical attractiveness and other socially desirable characteristics. This approach generates comments like “Mike is a good person” and “Suzanne is an unpleasant person.” It is this idea of personality that is expressed in the promise of various image courses to “make you a person.” This concept is entirely outside the scope of scientific psychology, since it leaves aside many behavioral features that actually deserve to be studied in the context of personality.
Personality was also viewed as a combination of the most striking and noticeable characteristics of individuality. Thus, a person can be said to be an “outgoing personality” or a “timid personality,” meaning that timidity or friendliness are his most characteristic traits. In such examples, we observe the identification of the individual with the external social impression that the individual makes on others when interacting with them, that is, we can say that we see the extent to which his most prominent, striking features color the majority of his actions in communication situations. Unfortunately, this generally popular use of the term overlooks the possibility that a person can be either relaxed or timid depending on the specific situation. In addition, the term “personality” in the understanding of most personologists does not imply an assessment of a person’s character or his social skills. When we refer to Emma as an “extraordinary person,” we probably mean her kindness, sincerity, or willingness to help others. However, personality psychologists do not use characteristics in an evaluative sense (that is, they do not divide personalities into good and bad). .
To get an idea of the variety of meanings of the concept of personality in psychology, let us turn to the views of some recognized theorists in this area. For example, Carl Rogers described personality in terms of the self: as an organized, durable, subjectively perceived entity that is at the very core of our experiences. Gordon Allport defined personality as what an individual actually is - an internal “something” that determines the nature of a person’s interaction with the world. And in the understanding of Erik Erikson, an individual goes through a series of psychosocial crises throughout his life and his personality appears as a function of the results of the crisis. George Kelly viewed personality as each individual's unique way of making sense of life's experiences. A completely different concept was proposed by Raymond Cattell, according to whom the core of the personal structure is formed by sixteen initial traits. Finally, Albert Bandura viewed personality as a complex pattern of continuous interaction between the individual, behavior and situation. Such an obvious dissimilarity of the above concepts clearly shows that the content of personality from the perspective of different theoretical concepts is much more multifaceted than that presented in the original concept of “external social image.” It carries within itself something more important, substantial and permanent. In addition to this fundamental agreement, most theoretical definitions of personality contain the following general provisions.